Server transfer documentation

This is a rough documentation of the server migration for TiTIPI that took place in December 2023. Please read carefully the urls with the official guides for migrating a server. Each server migration case differs.

Create a Virtual Private Server (VPS)

Ubuntu vs Debian

We choose Debian because of these reasons (ref: https://itsfoss.com/debian-vs-ubuntu/):

Debian is older and more stable. Debian’s focus on stability means that it does not always aim for the latest versions of the software. It supports both 32-bit and 64-bit architecture and focuses primarily on FOSS (free and open source software). This means that the kernel provided by Debian does not include proprietary drivers and firmware. Debian is a true community project. The long-term support and reliability of Debian's stable release make the distro a preferred option for servers that require uninterrupted, surprise-free operation. Debian's package manager (the Advanced Package Tool, or APT for short) simplifies software installations and updates.

Ubuntu is based on Debian. It has PPA (Personal Package Archive). With PPA, installing newer software or getting the latest software version becomes a bit easier and it is a lot more forgiving when it comes to including proprietary drivers and firmware in the default ISO. Ubuntu is backed by Canonical. However, it is not entirely a corporate project. It does have a community but the final decision on any matter is in Canonical’s hands.

New VPS

With the root user create new users and add them to the sudoers file.

Add users:

$ useradd -m helen -s /bin/bash or adduser helen (both of these commands create a home directory and load the bash features on the user)

$ passwd helen

$ adduser helen sudo

Install and use tmux to share terminal sessions with servermates $ sudo apt install tmux

Install Apache2

How to: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-the-apache-web-server-on-debian-11

$ apt update

$ apt install apache2

$ apt install ufw

$ ufw app list

$ ufw allow OpenSSH

$ ufw allow 'WWW'

$ ufw enable

$ ufw status

$ systemctl status apache2

$ hostname -I

Domain set-up

Login to the domain provider to change DNS for the domain you want.

Replace old IPv4 address with the new one provided by your VPS.

Configure apache for domain your_domain:

$ cd /var/www/

$ mkdir your_domain

$ mkdir your_domain/log

$ chmod -R 755 /var/www/your_domain/

$ nano your_domain/index.html

$ nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf

Insert:

<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
    ServerName your_domain
    ServerAlias your_domain_ip
    DirectoryIndex index.html index.php
    DocumentRoot /var/www/your_domain
    ErrorLog /var/www/your_domain/log/error.log
    CustomLog /var/www/your_domain/log/access.log combined

</VirtualHost>

$ a2ensite your_domain.conf

$ systemctl reload apache2

Disable default domain apache configuration

$ a2dissite 000-default.conf

$ systemctl reload apache2

$ apache2ctl configtest

$ systemctl restart apache2

Access logs

Reduce the size of the domain logs automatically:

Install logrotate: https://linux.die.net/man/8/logrotate

$ apt-get install logrotate

$ nano /etc/logrotate.d/apache2.conf

/var/log/apache2/* {
    weekly
    rotate 3
    size 10M
    compress
    delaycompress
}

/var/www/titipi.org/log/* {
    daily
    rotate 3
    size 10M
    compress
    delaycompress
}

/var/www/ddivision.xyz/log/* {
    daily
    rotate 3
    size 10M
    compress
    delaycompress
}

$ logrotate -d /etc/logrotate.d/apache2.conf

$ nano /var/log/apache2/access.log

$ systemctl reload apache2

Install and migrate MediaWiki

How to move a mediawiki: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Moving_a_wiki

MediaWiki version of your old server

    Version: [YOUR_WIKI_DOMAIN]/index.php/Special:Version  
    MediaWiki 1.35.1   
    PHP 7.4.21 (apache2handler)  
    MySQL 5.7.34-0ubuntu0.18.04.1  

How to: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Moving_a_wiki

Steps

1. Install the latest mediawiki version on the new server https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Installing_MediaWiki and https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Running_MediaWiki_on_Debian_or_Ubuntu#Get_latest_MediaWiki
2. Set up database for new mediawiki on the new server https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:MariaDB/en (We choose MariaDB because MySql uses proprietary source code)
3. Install wiki-to-pdf on new server (see #wiki-to-pdf)
4. Make a backup of the wiki on the old server (more in detail: https://sharkysoft.com/wiki/how_to_move_a_MediaWiki_wiki_from_one_server_to_another.html)
5. upgrade the MediaWiki on the old server
6. mysqldump + xml dump old wiki (backup again)
7. Transfer backups from the old server to the new one
8. Restore the backup on the new server

Prepare the ground on the new server and download MediaWiki:

$ apt upgrade

$ apt update

$ apt-get install php php-mysql libapache2-mod-php php-xml php-mbstring

$ apt-get install mariadb-server

$ apt-get install imagemagick

$ systemctl reload apache2

$ cd /tmp/

$ wget https://releases.wikimedia.org/mediawiki/1.40/mediawiki-1.40.1.tar.gz

$ apt-get install wget

$ tar -xvzf mediawiki-1.40.1.tar.gz

$ mkdir /var/www/[YOUR_DOMAIN]/wiki

$ mv mediawiki-1.40.1/* /var/www/[YOUR_DOMAIN]/wiki/

Install requirements:

$ apt install php-intl

$ systemctl reload apache2

$ apt-get install php-apcu inkscape php-gd php-cli php-curl php-bcmath git

$ systemctl reload apache2

Set up database. Check here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Installing_MediaWiki

$ mariadb -u root -p -h localhost

$ cp /home/femke/LocalSettings.php /var/www/[YOUR_DOMAIN]/wiki/

$ ls /var/www/[YOUR_DOMAIN]/wiki/

database info from old server:

    $wgDBname = "name of wiki";

    $wgDBuser = "user";

    $wgDBpassword = "password";

Back up the wiki on the old server

How to back up a MediaWiki: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Backing_up_a_wiki

$ cd /var/www/html/[YOUR_DOMAIN]/backups/

$ mysqldump -u admin -pbugreport new_wiki -c > wikidb.sql

$ tar czvf images.tgz images/

$ mv images.tgz ../../backups/

$ cd ../../ $ cd backups/

$ mysqldump -u admin -pbugreport new_wiki --xml > wiki.xml

Upgrade mediawiki in old server

How to upgrade a MediaWiki: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Upgrading

new server:
MediaWiki    1.40.1
PHP    8.2.7 (apache2handler)
ICU    72.1
MariaDB    10.11.4-MariaDB-1~deb12u1

Old server:
MediaWiki     1.35.1
PHP     7.4.21 (apache2handler)
MySQL     5.7.34-0ubuntu0.18.04.1

$ sudo tmux attach -t webserver

check storage space, which files take more space:

$ du -h -d 1 .

$ df

$ df -h

let's vacuum it!

$ journalctl --vacuum-size=100M

$ apt clean

Python wants us to have virtual environments but we go for installing through Debian packages. We tried but it was very complex. We continued with a virtual environment.

Debian asks for different routes to install python packages. --break-system-pack we tried but failed to use it.

Install Wiki-to-pdf

Don't forget to copy the pub/ folder in the new server (it includes the publications from the old server)

How to: https://titipi.org/wiki/index.php/Wiki-to-pdf-manual and https://gitlab.constantvzw.org/titipi/wiki-to-pdf

Install Pico

Install pico and check: https://picocms.org/download/

$ tar --exclude='public_html/wiki' --exclude='public_html/wiki-to-pdf' --exclude='public_html/wiki-to-pdf-webhook.php' -zcvf backups/site.tgz public_html/

Check the php modules dom and mbstring installed for pico to run

$ php -m

From /titipi.org we update pico

$ rm -r vendor/

$ wget https://github.com/picocms/Pico/releases/download/v3.0.0-alpha.2/pico-release-v3.0.0-alpha.2.tar.gz $ tar -xvzf pico-release-v3.0.0-alpha.2.tar.gz

$ rm pico-release-v3.0.0-alpha.2.tar.gz

With filezilla we replaced: themes/default/css/ and themes/default/index.twig

Make ssh key in the new server for git clone the wiki-to-pdf.

We create a user for managing access to the world such as git called 'expert'.

Webhook Pico

Pico's edit interface is outdated. In order to create and edit web pages we decide to put the content of the website in a git repository, in a way we create an CMS (Content management system) for ourselves. The web pages can be edited in markdown format through the git.

With a webhook git pull and git push happens automatically, thus the editors don't have to access the server to edit and push back to the git.

Made the user 'expert' in gitlab and added the ssh key in it from the 'expert' user in the new server.

Create a webhook.php file in '/var/www/[YOUR_DOMAIN]' and insert:

<?php
setlocale(LC_ALL,'en_US.UTF-8');

$mirrordir='/var/www/[YOUR_DOMAIN]/content';
$gitdir=$mirrordir."/.git";

$access_token = 'cloudpass';

$headers = apache_request_headers();
$headd = array();

foreach ($headers as $header => $value) {
    $head["$header"] = $value;
}

$json= file_get_contents('php://input');

$client_token = $headers['X-Gitlab-Token'];

$jsarr=json_decode($json,true);

if ($client_token !== $access_token)
{
    echo $jsarr['repository']['name'];
    header('HTTP/1.0 403 Forbidden');
    echo "error 403";
    exit(0);
}


$branch = $jsarr['ref'];
$repo = $jsarr['repository']['name'];

chdir($mirrordir);
$cmd="git pull";
exec($cmd);

echo 'working' ;

Check if webhook is working by testing it in gitlab (test push events):

https://gitlab.constantvzw.org/titipi/titipi-website/-/hooks

With nano /etc/apache2/envvars change export APACHE_RUN_USER=www-data to export APACHE_RUN_USER=expert so 'expert' is able to use the webhook.

Install and configure Certbot

How to: https://certbot.eff.org/instructions and https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-secure-apache-with-let-s-encrypt-on-debian-11

In Gandi create web forward for http://www.your_domain to http://your_domain

Mail transfer

1. Get the DNS details from the former server where your email account is hosted (hereafter referred to as Gandi) and send them to the new server (hereafter referred to as irational) sys admin
2. Backup old emails in Thunderbird: if you already use Thunderbird for the email account you migrate then you export in all 3 possible ways to be sure you can restore if something goes wrong.

1. locate the folder .thunderbird in your computer, copy it somewhere else and rename it to possibly MIGRATE.thunderbird,
2. make a BACKUP with the ImportExportTools NG add-on (check in the Tools or at the top of your toolbar on the right),
3. export a zip file with ImportExportTools NG. Then create temp folder in Local Folders in Thunderbird. Move temporarily the emails of the mail account you migrate to this new folder by dragging the folders there. Remove your empty account in account settings.

1. Make user accounts in irational server (hereafter referred to as irational) through SSH (sys admin takes care of that). You will then have an email account in the server associated to your user account. The passwords are the same.
2. SSH to irational
3. Type `$ alpine` to access your email inbox. In the menu -> message index (empty)
4. Test by receiving and testing emails to sys admin. At the bottom you can see commands of how to use Alpine
5. Go back to menu and choose SETUP and choose C. Note: use ctrl+c to cancel what you do and E to exit
6. There change your personal settings. Name: YOURNAME and domain:YOURDOMAIN, for example titipi.org, if you don't use irational domain
7. Test by sending emails to a non irational account.
8. Login to your old email server like Gandi
9. Edit MX record, copy/save the configuration and update
10. Under A/AAAA record is ip6, press edit and save copy of that record, remove 3d line, replace mail record with mail server IP address
11. on TXT record: save value ("v=spf1 include:_mailcust.gandi.net ?all"). TXT is the spf. They are records that are plaintext instructions for the machinery. Replace with "v=spf1 mx ip4:193.170.194.206 a:irational.org -all"
12. replace TXT hostname (mailcust.gandi.net) with nothing and save
13. Sys admin restarts Postfix
14. Check in mxtoolbox.com the smtp and mx if they are working
15. Test gmail exchanging: send from a gmail to your email and respond back
16. Use Thunderbird email client
17. Enter webmail.irational.org-> go to settings->identities-> display name: add your name and email
18. In thunderbird create a new account. Configure manually
19. Restart Thunderbird
20. Move back the emails by for example selecting all emails in the inbox in the temporary folder, right click and move them back in the new inbox, drag the subfolders.
21. We get Add Security Exception message, we confirm.
22. Test sending and receiving
23. Changing of pwd in the server account changes also in the email (because of not virtualization). Change with `$ passwd USERNAME`